Cost Drivers Of Internationalisation
Table of contents1 Introduction2 Drivers of Globalization3 Theories and Models of Gobalization and International Trade3.1 From mercantilism to Smith and Ricardo3.2 Ricardo to the next step: Factor Proportions Theory and the Leontief Paradox3.3 Vernon Life-Cycle Theory3.4 Porter’s Diamond Approach3.5 Monopolistic Advantage Strategy3.6 Eclectic Theory4. Discussion of Theories and Drivers4.1 Ricardo-Mill and outsourcing4.2 Dunning, Cantwell and the influence of technology5 Bibliography 1 Introduction'Globalization is not something we can hold off or turn off. It is the economic equivalent of a force of nature - like wind or water.' Bill Clinton (American 42nd US president (1993-2001))The first part of this research paper will define the major drivers of globalization and then introduce some of the basic and advanced theories of international trade and business.With this foundations it will then try to integrate theories and drivers and compare them to the actual situation and discuss if they are appropriately describing what we are seeing today. 2 Drivers of GlobalizationThe media and almost every book on globalization and international business speak about different drivers of globalization and they can basically be separated into five different groups:1) Technological driversTechnology shaped and set the foundation for modern globalization. Innovations in the transportation technology revolutionized the industry.
The most important developments among these are the commercial jet aircraft and the concept of containerisation in the late 1970s and 1980s. Inventions in the area of microprocessors and telecommunications enabled highly effective computing and communication at a low-cost level.
Globalisation Drivers Cost Globalisation Drivers Competitive Globalisation Drivers 7. 25 May 09 International Business - Yip's Globalisation Drivers Market Globalisation Driver - Strength Low (Domestic) High (Global) Airlines Computers Automobile Soft Drinks FMCG Retail Banking Book Publishing Baked Foods 8. Patterns of Internationalisation Internationalisation in general is “the process by which a company enters a foreign market” (Rugman, Collinson, 2012, p. 733) and can also be identified as “the growing tendency of corporations to operate across national boundaries.” (BusinessDictionary.com. Cost Drivers Economies of scale that is the cost advantage that arises with the increased output of a product (Investopedia,.) and scope that is the average total cost of production decreases as a result of increasing the number of different good produced (Investopedia,.), experience effects, and exploiting differences in factor costs for.
Finally the rapid growth of the Internet 1 is the latest technological driver that created global e-business and e-commerce.2) Political driversLiberalized trading rules and deregulated markets lead to lowered tariffs and allowed foreign direct investments in almost all over the world. The institution of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 1947 and the WTO (World Trade Organization) 1995 as well as the ongoing opening and privatization in Eastern Europe are only some examples of latest developments.3) Market driversAs domestic markets become more and more saturated, the opportunities for growth are limited and global expanding is a way most organizations choose to overcome this situation. Common customer needs and the opportunity to use global marketing channels and transfer marketing to some extent are also incentives to choose internationalization. (Ferrier, 2004)4) Cost driversSourcing efficiency and costs vary from country to country and global firms can take advantage of this fact. Other cost drivers to globalization are the opportunity to build global scale economies and the high product development costs nowadays.
(Ferrier, 2004)5) Competitive driversWith the global market, global inter-firm competition increases and organizations are forced to “play” international. Strong interdependences among countries and high two-way trades and FDI actions also support this driver. 3 Theories and Models of Gobalization and International TradeTheories of International Trade extend to the 15th century and the age of mercantilism. This next paragraph will provide a brief summary of the most important theories and also cover two less popular theories, the monopolistic advantage theory (Kindleberger / Hymer) and the integrated eclectic theory (Dunning).1 evolved from the military ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) network 1969, which was extended to an university network 1986 and finally became public as the world wide web in 1990, due to Tim Berners-Lee at the CERN institution (Wikipedia, 2005).
Table of contents1 Introduction2 Drivers of Globalization3 Theories and Models of Gobalization and International Trade3.1 From mercantilism to Smith and Ricardo3.2 Ricardo to the next step: Factor Proportions Theory and the Leontief Paradox3.3 Vernon Life-Cycle Theory3.4 Porter’s Diamond Approach3.5 Monopolistic Advantage Strategy3.6 Eclectic Theory4. Discussion of Theories and Drivers4.1 Ricardo-Mill and outsourcing4.2 Dunning, Cantwell and the influence of technology5 Bibliography 1 Introduction'Globalization is not something we can hold off or turn off. It is the economic equivalent of a force of nature - like wind or water.'
Bill Clinton (American 42nd US president (1993-2001))The first part of this research paper will define the major drivers of globalization and then introduce some of the basic and advanced theories of international trade and business.With this foundations it will then try to integrate theories and drivers and compare them to the actual situation and discuss if they are appropriately describing what we are seeing today. 2 Drivers of GlobalizationThe media and almost every book on globalization and international business speak about different drivers of globalization and they can basically be separated into five different groups:1) Technological driversTechnology shaped and set the foundation for modern globalization. Innovations in the transportation technology revolutionized the industry. The most important developments among these are the commercial jet aircraft and the concept of containerisation in the late 1970s and 1980s. Inventions in the area of microprocessors and telecommunications enabled highly effective computing and communication at a low-cost level.
Finally the rapid growth of the Internet 1 is the latest technological driver that created global e-business and e-commerce.2) Political driversLiberalized trading rules and deregulated markets lead to lowered tariffs and allowed foreign direct investments in almost all over the world. The institution of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 1947 and the WTO (World Trade Organization) 1995 as well as the ongoing opening and privatization in Eastern Europe are only some examples of latest developments.3) Market driversAs domestic markets become more and more saturated, the opportunities for growth are limited and global expanding is a way most organizations choose to overcome this situation. Common customer needs and the opportunity to use global marketing channels and transfer marketing to some extent are also incentives to choose internationalization.
(Ferrier, 2004)4) Cost driversSourcing efficiency and costs vary from country to country and global firms can take advantage of this fact. Other cost drivers to globalization are the opportunity to build global scale economies and the high product development costs nowadays. (Ferrier, 2004)5) Competitive driversWith the global market, global inter-firm competition increases and organizations are forced to “play” international. Strong interdependences among countries and high two-way trades and FDI actions also support this driver.
Cost Drivers Of Internationalisation Chicago
3 Theories and Models of Gobalization and International TradeTheories of International Trade extend to the 15th century and the age of mercantilism. This next paragraph will provide a brief summary of the most important theories and also cover two less popular theories, the monopolistic advantage theory (Kindleberger / Hymer) and the integrated eclectic theory (Dunning).1 evolved from the military ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) network 1969, which was extended to an university network 1986 and finally became public as the world wide web in 1990, due to Tim Berners-Lee at the CERN institution (Wikipedia, 2005).