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.Aadhaar (: foundation or base) is a 12-digit unique identity number that can be obtained by residents of India, based on their and data. The data is collected by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), a statutory authority established in January 2009 by the government of India, under the jurisdiction of the, following the provisions of the.Aadhaar is the world's largest.
There are 3 ways to change the aadhar data, the first one is sending an update or correction request through online.The second one is to send an update or change or correct request through the post and 3rd one:- To visit nearest enrollment center they can change anything Demographic and Bio-Metric Data. Aadhaar identity, instead, is instantly verifiable and hence more trusted. Also, as per the Aadhaar Act 2016, the Aadhaar card is required to be verified by fingerprint, iris scan, OTP authentication, and QR code. Hence, it is near impossible to impersonate you if you use Aadhaar to prove your identity.
Described Aadhaar as 'the most sophisticated ID programme in the world'. Considered a proof of residence and not a proof of citizenship, Aadhaar does not itself grant any rights to domicile in India. In June 2017, the clarified that Aadhaar is not a valid for Indians travelling to and.Prior to the enactment of the Act, the UIDAI had functioned, since 28 January 2009, as an attached office of the Planning Commission (now ). On 3 March 2016 a was introduced in the Parliament to give legislative backing to Aadhaar. On 11 March 2016 the, was passed in the.Aadhaar is the subject of several rulings by the. On 23 September 2013 the Supreme Court issued an interim order saying that 'no person should suffer for not getting Aadhaar', adding that the government cannot deny a service to a resident who does not possess Aadhaar, as it is voluntary and not mandatory. The court also limited the scope of the program and reaffirmed the voluntary nature of the identity number in other rulings.
On 24 August 2017 the Indian Supreme Court delivered a landmark verdict affirming the as a fundamental right, overruling previous judgments on the issue.A five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court heard various cases relating to the validity of Aadhaar on various grounds including privacy, surveillance, and exclusion from welfare benefits. On 9 January 2017 the five-judge Constitution bench of the Supreme Court of India reserved its judgement on the interim relief sought by petitions to extend the deadline making Aadhaar mandatory for everything from bank accounts to mobile services. The final hearing began on 17 January 2018. In September 2018, the top court upheld the validity of the Aadhaar system.
In the September 2018 judgment, the Supreme Court nevertheless stipulated that the Aadhaar card is not mandatory for opening bank accounts, getting a mobile number, or being admitted to a school. Some groups such as the and the (INSAF) have also opposed the project over privacy concerns.Despite the validity of Aadhaar being challenged in the court, the has pushed citizens to link their Aadhaar numbers with a host of services, including mobile sim cards, bank accounts, the, and a large number of welfare schemes including but not limited to the, the, and old age pensions. Recent reports suggest that HIV patients have been forced to discontinue treatment for fear of identity breach as access to the treatment has become contingent on producing Aadhaar.
Contents.Unique Identification Authority The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is a statutory authority and a government department, established on 12 July 2016 by the under the jurisdiction of the, following the provisions of the.The UIDAI is mandated to assign a 12-digit unique identification (UID) number (termed 'Aadhaar') to all the residents of India. The implementation of the UID scheme entails generation and assignment of UIDs to residents; defining mechanisms and processes for interlinking UIDs with partner databases; operation and management of all stages of the UID life cycle; framing policies and procedures for updating mechanism and defining usage and applicability of UIDs for delivery of various services, among others. The number is linked to the resident's basic demographic and biometric information such as a photograph, ten and two, which are stored in a centralized database.The UIDAI was initially set up by the in January 2009, as an attached office under the aegis of the via a notification in the. According to the notification, the UIDAI was given the responsibility to lay down plans and policies to implement the UID scheme, to own and operate the UID database, and to be responsible for its updating and maintenance on an ongoing basis.The UIDAI data centre is located at the, which was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Haryana on 7 January 2013.
Aadhaar data is kept in about 7,000 servers in and Manesar. Digitally generated Aadhaar cardStarting with the issuing of the first UID in September 2010, the UIDAI has been aiming to issue an Aadhaar number to all the residents ensuring that it is robust enough to eliminate duplicate and fake identities, and that the number can be verified and authenticated in an easy and cost-effective way online anywhere, anytime. In a notification dated 16 December 2010 the Government of India indicated that it would recognise a letter issued by the UIDAI containing details of name, address, and Aadhaar number, as an official, valid document. Aadhaar is not intended to replace any existing identity cards, nor does it constitute proof of citizenship. Aadhaar neither confers nor guarantees rights, benefits, or entitlements. Aadhaar is a random number that never starts with a 0 or 1, and is not loaded with profiling or intelligence that would make it insusceptible to fraud or theft, and thus provides a measure of privacy in this regard. The unique ID also qualifies as a valid ID while availing various government services such as a connection, a subsidised ration, from the, or benefits under or pension schemes, a, a Universal Account Number (UAN) under, and some other services such as a SIM card or opening a bank account.
According to the UIDAI website, any Aadhaar holder or service provider can verify the genuineness of an Aadhaar number through a user-friendly service of UIDAI called the Aadhaar Verification Service (AVS), which is available on its website. Also, a resident already enrolled under the is not required to enrol again for Aadhaar. History Previous identity card programs In 1999 after the, the, headed by security analyst, was formed to study the state of. It submitted its report to the then, on 7 January 2000. Among its various recommendations was the proposal that citizens in villages in border regions be issued identity cards on a priority basis, with such ID cards issued later to all people living in border states.The Rangarajan Commission set up to revamp the statistical system in India in 2000 recommended under the Socio-economic statistics chapter the setting up of a centralized database of citizens in India.
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The Commission in its analysis noted under para 9.2.26 as '9.2.26 Many developed countries and an increasing number of developing countries, including China, have databases of their citizens while also providing for each adult individual citizen of the country a unique identification number. Such a unique identification number assigned to a citizen would be a proof of his/her identity for a variety of purposes. The major advantage is that all this can be taken care of by simply producing citizen identity card as a proof of individual identity. Presently, there are different kinds of cards and means of establishing identity in India, such as electoral identity card, income-tax PAN card, passport, ration card, driving license, birth, and education certificates, etc. However, none of the systems are equipped to handle a population figure that exceeds more than one billion in India.
So far there has not been any attempt whatsoever to standardize a format of citizen’s database, which can link the information available for each citizen from different sources and analyse this according to the needs and project a comprehensive picture of the human resources in the country.' Further, the Commission made the specific recommendation under para 9.2.27 made the following observations: 9.2.27 Taking note of the initiative taken by the Ministry of Home Affairs for issuing national identification cards to the citizens, the Commission concludes that:A centralised database of the citizens of the country with a system of issuing a unique identification number/card has several potential benefits to its citizens and will improve the efficiency of administration. The project, if implemented, will have obvious benefits to the statistical system.A Group of Ministers (GoM), headed by, was formed to study the recommendations and examine possible implementation.
The GoM submitted its report in May 2001 in which it accepted the recommendation for an ID card and stated that a 'multi-purpose National Identity Card' project would be started soon, with the card to be issued first in border villages and then elsewhere. In late September 2001 the proposed that a mandatory national identity card be issued. This announcement followed reports that some people had obtained multiple with different details. This was attributed to the lack of computerisation between the passport centres. In December 2003 the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2003 was introduced in the by L. It primarily aimed to provide various rights to, but the bill also introduced Clause 14 (a) that said: 'The Central Government may compulsorily register every citizen of India and issue national identity card to him.' 2009–2013 The UIDAI was established on 28 January 2009 after the issued a notification.
On 23 June, the co-founder of, was appointed by the then-government, to head the project. He was given the newly created position of Chairman of the UIDAI, which was equivalent in rank to a.
In April 2010 the logo and the brand name Aadhaar was launched by Nilekani. In May 2010 Nilekani said he would support legislation to protect the data held by the UIDAI.In July 2010 UIDAI published a list 15 of agencies which were qualified to provide training to personnel to be involved in the enrollment process. It also published a list of 220 agencies that were qualified to take part in the enrollment process. Before this, the project had been only 20 states and with the and the as qualified registrars. This announcement introduced several private firms. It was estimated that to achieve the target of enrolling 40% of the population in two years, 31,019 personnel and 155 training centres would be needed. It was also estimated that 4,431 enrollment centres and 22,157 enrollment stations would have to be established.On 7 February 2012 the UIDAI launched an online verification system for Aadhaar numbers.
Using the system, banks, telecom companies and government departments could enter an Aadhaar number and verify if the person was a resident of India.On 26 November 2012 launched an Aadhaar-linked direct benefit transfer scheme. The project aimed to eliminate leakages in the system by directly transferring the money to the bank account of the recipient. The project was to be introduced in 51 districts on 1 January 2013 and then slowly expanded to cover all of India.In late November 2012 a former judge, and a lawyer, Parvesh Khanna, filed a (PIL) against the government in the.
They contended that the government was implementing the project without any legislative backing. They pointed out that the National Identification Authority of India Bill 2010, which had been introduced in the, was still pending.
They further said that since the UIDAI was proceeding only on the basis of an executive order issued on 28 January 2009, it could not collect biometric data of citizens as it would be a under. In December 2011 the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance, led by, rejected the National Identification Authority of India Bill 2010 and suggested modifications. It termed the project 'unethical and violative of Parliament's prerogatives'. On 23 September 2013 the Supreme Court issued an saying that the government could not deny a service to anyone who did not possess Aadhaar, as the identity number was voluntary.In late September 2013, following the Supreme Court verdict, said that it would attempt to pass the National Identification Authority of India Bill 2010 in the winter session of the Parliament. On 9 October 2013 the launched an Aadhaar-based remittance system.
Using the system, funds could be transferred to any Aadhaar-linked bank accounts if the Aadhaar number was known. It was announced that an SMS could be used for amounts up to ₹5,000 (US$72) and for amounts over that a mobile bank app could be used. By this time around 440 million Aadhaar numbers had been issued. 2014–2015 In March 2014 Nilekani resigned as the Chairman to contest in the on an nomination from Bangalore South.
His responsibilities were taken over by 1981-batch officer Vijay Madan, who was given an extension of his term as the director-general and mission director by the government. Nilekani lost to.On 10 June 2014, the new government disbanded four cabinet committees to streamline the decision-making process; among them was the cabinet committee on Aadhaar. Also in June 2014, the held a meeting with the secretaries of the states to receive feedback on the project.On 1 July 2014, Nilekani met with the prime minister Modi and finance minister to convince them of the project's merits. On 5 July 2014, Modi announced that his government would retain the project, and asked an official to look into the possibility of linking the project with passports. The allotted ₹20.3964 billion (US$300 million) to the project for the fiscal year 2014–2015. It was a substantial increase from the allotment of ₹15.50 billion (US$220 million).
Also in July, it was reported that UIDAI would hire an advertising agency, and spend about ₹300 million (US$4.3 million) on an advertising campaign.On 10 September 2014, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs gave approval to Phase V of the UIDAI project, starting the enrollment process in,. The Union Cabinet allocated ₹12 billion (US$170 million) to the project in order to reach the target of one billion enrollments by the end of 2015.On 5 July 2015, finding the experience with DBT scheme in LPG 'very encouraging', with a reported savings of ₹127 billion (US$1.8 billion) to the public exchequer this year, Jaitley said, 'If we can realize the government's JAM—Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile—vision we can ensure that money goes directly and more quickly into the pockets of the poor and from the savings we achieve, we can put even more money for the poor. If we can be careful in our design and implementation, we can extend DBT to other commodities, so that the poor get more money to spend for their upliftment.' In March 2015 the Aadhaar-linked DigiLocker service was launched, using which Aadhaar-holders can scan and save their documents on the, and can share them with the government officials whenever required without any need to carry them.On 18 June 2015, in a high-level review meeting on the progress of the UID project and DBT scheme, Modi asked officials to accelerate the delivery of benefits and expand the applications of the Aadhaar (UID) platform. He also asked them to examine the possibility of offering incentives to the states to increase participation in the project, through a one-time sharing of a portion of the savings. It was reported that the government was saving up to 14–15% in the direct benefit transfers of subsidies on LPG to the beneficiaries through Aadhaar. 2016–present During the presentation on 29 February 2016, Jaitley announced that a bill would be introduced within a week to provide legislative support to the Aadhaar project.
On 3 March 2016 the, was introduced in the Parliament as a by Jaitley. The decision to introduce it as a money bill was criticised by the opposition parties., an leader, wrote in a letter to the Jaitley that the ruling party, the, was attempting to bypass the Rajya Sabha, as they did not have the majority in the upper house. A money bill is only required to pass in the lower house.
Of (BJD) raised concerns that the project could be used for or in the future.On 11 March 2016 the, was passed in the Lok Sabha. During the Rajya Sabha debate on 16 March, of the said that bill should not have been passed when the issue of the right to privacy was still in the Supreme Court. On 16 March 2016 the bill was returned to the Lok Sabha by the Rajya Sabha with some suggested amendments, which the Lok Sabha promptly rejected.The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) introduces Face Authentication to further strengthen Aadhar security. It decided to enable 'Face Authentication' in fusion mode on registered devices by 1 July 2018, so that people facing difficulties in other existing mode of verification such as, fingerprints and (OTP) could easily authenticate. Predominant Uses of Aadhaar Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT). Main article:The Aadhaar project has been linked to some public subsidy and schemes such as the domestic LPG scheme.
In these schemes, the subsidy money is directly transferred to a bank account which is Aadhaar-linked. Previously, however, the direct-benefit transfer had been carried out quite successfully via the (NEFT) system, which did not depend on Aadhaar.On 29 July 2011, the signed a with UIDAI. The Ministry had hoped the ID system would help eliminate loss of the subsidised kerosene and LPG. In May 2012 the government announced that it would begin issuing Aadhaar-linked MGNREGS cards. On 26 November 2012 a pilot programme was launched in 51 districts.Under the original policy for liquefied petroleum gas subsidies, the customers bought gas cylinders from retailers at subsidised prices, and the government compensated companies for their losses. Under the current Direct Benefit Transfer of LPG (DBTL), introduced in 2013, customers had to buy at full price, and the subsidy would be then directly credited to their Aadhaar-linked bank accounts.
This scheme, however, did not take off, and in September 2013 a Supreme Court order put a halt on it. Subsequently, the GOI constituted a committee to review the 'Direct Benefits Transfer for LPG Scheme' to study the shortcomings in the scheme and recommend changes.
The DBTL scheme was modified later as PAHAL by the new government in November 2014. Under PAHAL, subsidies could be credited to a purchaser's bank account even if he or she did not have an Aadhaar number. Official data show that cooking gas consumption during the January–June period grew at a slower 7.82%, which is nearly four percentage points less than the 11.4% growth in the same period last year.The PAHAL scheme has covered 118.9 million of the 145.4 million active LPG consumers until March, as stated by the Petroleum Minister in the Parliament. The DBT has thereby become a 'game changer' for India, claimed the Chief Economic Adviser to the Finance Ministry, Government of India, Arvind Subramanian, for in case of LPG subsidy, DBT had resulted in a 24% reduction in the sale of subsidized LPG, as 'ghost beneficiaries' had been excluded. The savings to the government were to the tune of ₹127 billion (US$1.8 billion) in 2014–2015.
The success of the modified scheme helped fuel marketing companies save almost ₹80 billion (US$1.2 billion) from November 2014 to June 2015, said oil company officials. The DBT for the (PDS) will be rolled out in September 2015.The government's own data, however, suggest that the cost of implementing the DBT for LPG was over a million dollars, a figure quite at odds with the savings figures that the government cites.Prime Minister Modi has asked for integration of all land records with Aadhaar at the earliest, emphasising at his monthly PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation) meeting on 23 March 2016 that this was extremely important to enable monitoring of the successful implementation of the or crop insurance scheme. Aadhaar-enabled biometric attendance systems In July 2014 Aadhaar-enabled biometric attendance systems were introduced in government offices. The system was introduced to check late arrival and absenteeism of government employees. The public could see the daily in and out of employees on the website attendance.gov.in. In October 2014 the website was closed to the public but as of 24 March 2016 is again active and open to public access.
The employees use the last four digits (last eight digits for government employee registering as of August 2016) of their Aadhaar number and their fingerprints, for authentication.Other uses by central government agencies In November 2014 it was reported that the Ministry for External Affairs was considering making Aadhaar a mandatory requirement for passport holders. In February 2015 it was reported that people with an Aadhaar number would get their passports issued within 10 days, as it sped up the verification process by making it easier to check if an applicant had any criminal records in the database. In May 2015, it was announced that the Ministry of External Affairs was testing the linking of passports to the Aadhaar database.In October 2014 the said that they were considering linking Aadhaar to.
In November 2014 the asked all telecom operators to collect Aadhaar from all new applicants of SIM cards. On 4 March 2015 a pilot project was launched allowing Aadhaar-linked SIM cards to be sold in some cities. The purchaser could activate the SIM at the time of purchase by submitting his Aadhaar number and pressing his fingerprints on a machine. It is part of the plan. The Digital India project aims to provide all government services to citizens electronically and is expected to be completed by 2018.In July 2014 the (EPFO) began linking provident fund accounts with Aadhaar numbers. In November 2014 the EPFO became a UIDAI registrar and began issuing Aadhaar number to provident fund subscribers. In December 2014 Labour Minister clarified that an Aadhaar number was not necessary for any provident fund transaction.In August 2014 Prime Minister Modi directed the Planning Commission of India to enrol all prisoners in India under the UIDAI.In December 2014 it was proposed by the Minister for Women and Child Development, that Aadhaar should be made mandatory for men to create a profile on, to prevent fake profiles.
In July 2015 the (DeitY) called a meeting of various matrimonial sites and other stakeholders discuss the use of Aadhaar to prevent fake profiles and protect women from exploitation.On 3 March 2015 the (NERPAP) of the was started. It aims to link the Elector's Photo Identity Card (EPIC) with the Aadhaar number of the registered voter. It aims to create an error-free identification system in, especially by removing duplications.
Other uses by states In the region of state, Aadhaar numbers were linked to ration cards to remove duplicate. The project was started in July 2012 and was carried out despite the 2013 Supreme Court order.
More than 63,932 ration cards in the white category and 229,757 names were removed from its database in the drive between July 2012 and September 2014. In August 2012 the government of the state of asked citizens to surrender illegal ration cards before it began to link them with Aadhaar numbers. By September 2014 15 lakh illegal ration cards had been surrendered. In April 2015 the state of began enrolling all school students in the state in the Aadhaar project to implement the properly.using Aadhaar card is also being introduced to activate mobile connections instantly to check.Bhudhaar. Main article:started Aadhaar based innovative first of its kind project called to assign an 11-digit unique number for every land parcel in the state as part of the 'land hub in '.
Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister launched the program on 20-Nov-2018 to streamline the land records. Bhuseva Authority, an inter-departmental committee was formulated to implement and its progress monitored in real time basis by and all citizens using (Developed and managed by )Any type of land parcel categories i.e Agriculture lands, Rural properties & Urban properties ( like houses, house sites, vacant lands) are managed by all land related department in the states. These are Revenue, Panchayat Raj, Municipal Administration, Registration, Survey & Settlements, Forest, Endowments, Wakf. Under the Land Hub core platform these departments integrating their land related services and issuing a new Bhudhaar number to each land holding or property upon ownership Change.In general Land records consists of two types of data.1) Textual data ( like Village name, Name of land owner, Survey number, extent, id proof like Aadhaar, or other related documents).2) Spatial data ( the data depicting the sketch of the land, its measurements (in links/meters/feet), adjacent fields, location on ground).The issuing process contain 2 Stages. Firstly Temporary Bhudhaar is assigned based on valid textual data of an agriculture land holding/rural property/urban property. It will be started with 99 and following numbers are generated on random basis only and there is no meaning for these 9 digits. But it is a unique id for that land holding / rural property/urban property.Special series number is allocated to government lands either agriculture lands or rural/urban properties.for example 99.312.725.202).
The Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh reviewing the implementation of the National Population Register (NPR), at a meeting, in New Delhi on June 18, 2014The Aadhaar and the similar (NPR) projects have been reported to be having conflicts. In January 2012 it was reported that the UIDAI would share its data with NPR and the NPR would continue to collect its own data. In January 2013 then-Home Minister said that Aadhaar was not an identity card but a number, while the NPR was necessary for national security purposes.
The 2013 Supreme Court order did not affect the NPR project as it was not linked to any subsidy.In July 2014 a meeting was held to discuss the possibility of merging the two projects, Aadhaar and NPR, or making them complementary. The meeting was attended by Home Minister, Law and Justice and Telecom Minister, and Minister of State for Planning. Later in the same month, Rao Inderjit Singh told the Lok Sabha that no plan to merge the two projects has been made.
Fraud In order to make Aadhaar accessible to often undocumented poorer citizens, obtaining an Aadhaar card does not require significant documentation, with multiple options available. In theory, the use of biometric facilities should reduce or eliminate duplication. So, in theory, while it may be possible to obtain the card under a false name, it is less likely that a person would be able to obtain another Aadhaar card under a different (or real) name.The Aadhaar card itself is not a secure document (being printed on paper) and according to the agency should not be treated as an identity card though it is often treated as such. However, with currently no practical way to validate the card (e.g. By police at airport entry locations) it is of questionable utility as an identity card.
'There are five main components in an Aadhaar app transaction – the customer, the vendor, the app, the back-end validation software, and the Aadhaar system itself. There are also two main external concerns – the security of the data at rest on the phone and the security of the data in transit. At all seven points, the customer's data is vulnerable to attack. The app and validation software are insecure, the Aadhaar system itself is insecure, the network infrastructure is insecure, and the laws are inadequate,' claims Bhairav Acharya, Program Fellow, New America.The Aadhaar card is usually printed on glossy paper, and the government has stated black and white copies are valid. Some agencies charge extra to laminate the document. Other agencies have been reported charging ₹50 to 200 to produce a PVC version of the card, and it is marketed by them as a, despite having no official validity and no chip.Certain claim to verify an Aadhaar card using a scanner.
However, the QR code is not a secure representation of an Aadhaar card either and can be copied and edited. The only way to validate an Aadhaar card is to perform an online validation, which will confirm that the card number is valid, confirm the postal code and gender of the holder (but not their name or photo). In theory, this means that is possible to create a false Aadhaar card using the number of a genuine holder from the same postal code with the same gender, with the card subject to a number of cases of counterfeiting.The digital document itself is self-signed by a non-internationally recognised certificate authority (n)Code Solutions, a division of Company Ltd (GNFC) and needs to be manually installed on the PC.
This is despite assisting in the development of the solution. Application issues While the service is free for citizens, some agents have been charging fees. Despite the modern processes, there are cases where enrollments are lost in the system without explanation.
MAadhaar is an official mobile application developed by the UIDAI to provide an interface to Aadhaar number holders to carry their demographic information including name, date of birth, gender, and address along with photograph as linked with their Aadhaar number in smartphones. In one case, every resident in a village in Haridwar was assigned a birthday of 1 January. Exclusion Documentary proof may be difficult to obtain, with the system requiring documents such as bank accounts, insurance policies, and driving licences that themselves increasingly require an Aadhaar card or similar documentary evidence to originate.
This may lead to a significant minority underclass of undocumented citizens who will find it harder to obtain necessary services. Introducers and Heads of family may also assist in documentation; however, for many agencies and legitimate applications, this facility may not be practical., and other resident foreigners may also find it difficult to avail themselves of services they could previously freely obtain, such as local, despite assurances to the contrary.
Data leaks The detailed personal information being collected is of extremely high importance to an individual. However, once collected, it is not being treated with the required sensitivity for privacy concerns.
Major financial transactions are linked with information collected in Aadhaar. Data leaks are a gold mine for criminals who now use sophisticated hackers. Government departments and various other agencies that collect this information such as banks cannot be trusted to maintain the secrecy of all this collected information. Another case occurred wherein Aadhaar data collected by Reliance Jio was leaked online, and the data may now be widely available to hackers.
The UIDAI confirms more than 200 government websites were publicly displaying confidential Aadhaar data; though removed now, the data leaked cannot be scrubbed from hackers' databases. On 2017 July privacy issues with regard to the Aadhaar card were discussed in the Supreme Court. A report from the Center for Internet and Society suggests that the records of about 135 million Indians may have been leaked. A loophole was identified that allows all records to be accessed by anyone though hackers can find other routes.Wikileaks tweeted on 25 August 2017 that the same American supplier of fingerprint and Iris scanning equipment that collaborated with the CIA to identify Osama Bin Laden was also supplying equipment to India. The complex structure of ownership is detailed in an article in Fountainink.in Concerns were raised as early as 2011 in the Sunday Guardian regarding not following due process and handing over contracts to entities with links to the FBI and having a past history of leaking data across countries. How the CIA can hack and access the Aadhaar database using a secret Expresslane project is documented in a report on the GGInews website and saved in an archive lest it be removed. Further communications have also identified the clauses under which data may have freely flowed to foreign agencies due to the nature and wordings in the Aadhaar contracts and archived here.
Virtual ID On 1 March 2018, Virtual ID aka VID was introduced and was made as an option for agencies to use Virtual ID by 1 September 2018. A Virtual ID is a 16 digit number that is generated using your Aadhaar number.
This Virtual ID can then be used instead of your Aadhaar number to carry out some Aadhaar related work. See also. Retrieved 25 July 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2018. ^. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
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(PDF). 9 November 2012. Nilekani, Nandan; Shah, Viral (2015). Rebooting India: Realizing a Billion Aspirations. India: Penguin Group. P. 340.
Aiyar, Shankkar (21 July 2017). Aadhaar: A Biometric History of India's 12-Digit Revolution. (9 January 2018). ThePrint., 'Data to the People: India's Inclusive Internet', vol. 5 (September / October 2018), pp. 19–26.Critical views.
Rajanish Dass (March 2011). Kieran Clarke; Shruti Sharma; Damon Vis-Dunbar (30 September 2015).
Deciphering Aadhaar bill, its benefits and privacy issues.Other. Elonnai Hickok (21 July 2015).External links. Media related to at Wikimedia Commons. Media related to at Wikimedia Commons.